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Nordea was built from the banking systems of Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Norway. Its Swedish branch began with Götabank, formed in 1972 from Göteborgs Bank and Smalandsbanken, then became Nordbanken and later PKbanken. After Sweden’s banking crisis of the early 1990s, caused by a property crash and risky lending, the state nationalized Nordbanken in 1992, then later reduced its holding.

The Finnish branch originated from Kansallis-Osake-Pankki and Union Bank of Finland, which merged in 1995 to form Merita Bank following Finland’s severe banking crisis. In 1997, Merita Bank and Nordbanken completed a cross-border merger, creating MeritaNordbanken. Merita introduced Solo, one of the first full internet banking platforms, which was already processing millions of transactions per month by the turn of the century.

In March 2000, Denmark’s Unidanmark, Unibank’s parent, joined the group in a deal worth about $4 billion. In December 2000, Norway’s Christiania Bank og Kreditkasse was added after talks that had started in 1999. The name Nordea, combining “Nordic” and “idea,” was adopted in 2000-2001, and the legal merger was completed in December 2001. Nordea later bought Postgirot Bank in 2001 and Russia’s Orgresbank in 2006.

The group expanded in the Baltic states and Poland, then created Luminor Bank with DNB in 2017 for the Baltic market. In 2018, Blackstone took control of Luminor, while Nordea moved its legal domicile from Stockholm to Helsinki to enter European Central Bank supervision. In 2019, auditors reported about €3.9 billion in suspicious Baltic-linked transfers over the previous decade. In 2024, Danish authorities charged Nordea over alleged anti-money-laundering failures.